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This paper embeds the early political economy of Friedrich August von Hayek in the intellectual milieu of German ordoliberalism. The urgency during the 1930s and 1940s to stabilize the disintegrating societal orders is identified as a crucial driver behind the parallelisms between Hayek and the ordoliberals. Their shared theoretical position is that in such moments, liberty can thrive sustainably only after a framework of general and stable rules has been established. Hayek’s proximity to ordoliberalism was most explicitly discernible in The Road to Serfdom and at the founding meeting of the Mont Pèlerin Society in 1947, culminating in the shared politico-economic vision of the competitive order. The contextual nature of Hayek’s ordoliberalism surfaced in the years after The Constitution of Liberty when his focus shifted, along with the postwar intellectual and institutional stabilization of the West: from how stable orders enable liberty, to how liberty enables the evolution of orders.
Model predictive control (MPC) is a promising approach to the lateral and longitudinal control of autonomous vehicles. However, the parameterization of the MPC with respect to high-level requirements such as passenger comfort, as well as lateral and longitudinal tracking, is challenging. Numerous tuning parameters and conflicting requirements need to be considered. In this paper, we formulate the MPC tuning task as a multi-objective optimization problem. Its solution is demanding for two reasons: First, MPC-parameterizations are evaluated in a computationally expensive simulation environment. As a result, the optimization algorithm needs to be as sample-efficient as possible. Second, for some poor parameterizations, the simulation cannot be completed; therefore, useful objective function values are not available (for instance, learning with crash constraints). In this work, we compare the sample efficiency of multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), a genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), and multiple versions of Bayesian optimization (BO). We extend BO by introducing an adaptive batch size to limit the computational overhead. In addition, we devise a method to deal with crash constraints. The results show that BO works best for a small budget, NSGA-II is best for medium budgets, and none of the evaluated optimizers are superior to random search for large budgets. Both proposed BO extensions are, therefore, shown to be beneficial.
Context: VR as an application to enhance well-being is sparsely researched in the elderly population. The aim of the pilot study was to analyze the effect of 360° videos of different categories on the state of mind of seniors in nursing facilities. Furthermore, for the implementation in everyday life, the usability of the system and the experience for seniors should be evaluated.
Methods: The VR experience was used as a supplement to existing care services in three facilities on eight subjects. Mood state was assessed using the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Happiness before and after the intervention. Demographic data and technology acceptance were collected beforehand. After the intervention, subjects were interviewed about confounding factors and side effects, and nursing home staff were interviewed about the usability of the system and the organizational concept of implementation.
Results: There was a positive effect on state of mind. Gender and spatial mobility turned out to be influencing factors. Categories containing people, animals and action achieved the highest increases in the state of mind. Interest in using technical devices correlated negatively with the change in mood state. None of the subjects found the VR goggles distracting or reported motion sickness. Very good usability was indicated by the employees.
Conclusion: A very high willingness to use this technology was found among nursing staff and residents. The tendencies of the positive effect of 360° videos on the state of mind, as well as differentiation based on the mentioned characteristics gender and spatial mobility, should be verified by a larger sample to empirically validate the use of this technology to increase the quality of life.
Vitalpolitik
(2022)
Abstract: This chapter reconstructs the notion of ‘vital policy’ (Vitalpolitik), an approach to the social question whose first and strongest proponent amongst the Ordoliberals was Alexander Rüstow. It is opposed to traditional social policy as a top-down provision of material benefits (welfare). Instead, it aims at enabling those ‘conditions of life’ (Lebenslagen) that provide the prerequisites for human beings and their community to flourish. This humanistic approach attempts to complement the competitive processes in a market society and to provide access and equal opportunity to these processes, focusing on the notion of fair starting conditions for individuals. In its general thrust, Vitalpolitik is well compatible with more recent research programmes, especially the capability approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum.
The objective of the study is to improve the functionality of the Virtual Reality Laboratory (VR Labs) of the Faculty of Automotive Engineering and enhance its applicability in Road Traffic Engineering education and training at the University of Applied Sciences Zwickau (WHZ). In this study, a comprehensive description of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) as well as their wide application in education has been given.
An insight into the VR Labs of the Faculty of Automotive Engineering at WHZ is provided. The study built and proposed eight use cases of VR Labs in road traffic engineering training and education at WHZ. The limitations and barriers in deploying application cases are analyzed and suitable solutions are given. The adoption of virtual reality can be an easy transition based on BIM modeling software development, and 3D and 360 degrees scanning.
An extension of the VR Labs application for other areas of education at WHZ has been identified. In addition, technologies, areas of application, and future research directions are mentioned. Innovations such as 3D modeling and BIM-based workflows that are being encouraged through the development of content-created engines will provide students with opportunities for using VR/AR on road traffic and infrastructure projects in the future.
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) as a means of public transportation is set to revolutionize the mobility behavior of elderly people in the coming future. Though the vehicle manufacturers and corporates emphasize on potential benefits of AVs to elderly citizens, very little has been researched and studied about this large cohort (age 65+) in society. This study aims to measure the experience of the elderlies in this Highly Automat Shuttle (HAS) in Berlin and find out the potential pros and cons affecting the design, trust and security, and perception to adopt this technology in the future. Among the elderly respondents surveyed, 93% found the HAS convenient, with minor design issues addressed. Respondents (90%) were willing to use it for their first and last-mile journey and considered that the HAS would help improve the social participation of elderlies with mobility restrictions. However, elderlies still have trust issues integrating a fully driverless vehicle in the domain of public transportation. The significant findings on the difference in the experience of HAS between the elderlies, adults, and younger adults could be adopted to develop the design further, making it more comfortable and trustworthy towards the elderly population.
With the help of the Laser-Speckle phenomenon different in-vivo diagnostic applications can be performed at the surfaces of different tissues such as the skin, the retinal skin and the cerebral cortex. In this study the Laser light scattering phenomenon is used to measure blood flow and hemoglobin concentration change. There are a lot of different approaches to perform these investigations for example with single-mode or multi-mode fibers. A comparison between the two illumination systems is presented together with an experimental setup. The results show that both of the approaches are feasible under specific conditions. Both fiber illumination systems have their advantages and limitations in fulfilling different tasks. The two approaches are tested and evaluated to propose specific applications for every illumination system. With these results future uses of the proposed methods are encouraged.
With the introduction of more and more stringent exhaust emission limitations for diesel engines by the legislation, engine and vehicle manufactures looking for solutions to meet this legislation limits with minimal hardware changes. In the present study experiments were performed to find possible solutions to meet TIER-4a emission limits without using a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). Two similar medium duty diesel engines were chosen to demonstrate this only by changing the fuel injection hardware and calibration. The study was divided into an investigation of the benefit of higher injection pressures while the second part concentrated on the investigation of multiple injection effects. It was found that with the use of high injection pressures from 1800 bar upwards together with high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates the targets can be fulfilled with a single injection. This test was performed at the rated speed 100% load point. The multiple injection experiments demonstrated that the use of an early large pilot injection together with an close post injection can reduce the NOx and smoke emissions efficiently. It was found that with this injection strategy the TIER-4a emission targets can be achieved with a railpressure of only 1300 bar and lower EGR rate of 15% at a mid speed 75% load point (mode-6). The set of experiments also included a investigation into another efficient possibility to achieve TIER-4a emission standards with the use of a DPF but without the use of an EGR system. It was found that with the use of an early pilot injection and a retarded main injection timing it is possible to reduce the NOx formation to achieve the 3 g/kWh NOx limit.
Vehicular emission is often the main source of air pollution. The chief pollutants react with air and secondary pollutants resulting in adverse effects to the environment. European commission has legislated laws in order to reduce the air pollution from vehicular emissions.
Traffic modelling has been used for many decades and particularly in the last decade, flow of traffic based on vehicle type has been used to estimate emission of polluting gases and particles. Passenger car and Heavy duty Emission Model (PHEM) is used along with microscopic traffic flow simulation software VISSIM (In German: Verkehr In Städten – SIMulationsmodell meaning "Traffic in cities - simulation model") for estimation of major two major pollutants of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides) and particulate matter emitted from passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles, based on their technical performance characteristics in a traffic flow at a typical German motorway segment. With a country’s fixed fleet composition for a particular year, PHEM gives fuel consumption and emission as outputs using fuel types used (diesel or petrol) and based on the trajectories of the vehicles.
This study is planned to exploit the developments and investigate the validation of this software with HBEFA. Different 25 scenarios are created for a German motorway segment with varying traffic behaviours; and the emission results between two emission modelling software tools are compared.
An omnipresent topic in the economic news of the current year 2018 were the
developments regarding the smoldering trade dispute between the USA and China.
Within short periods of time, a downright exchange of strikes between the
administrations of the two countries evolved, with the President of the USA, Donald
Trump, in particular, pithily announcing to China an increasingly serious threat of
sanctions. Although the Chinese side was noticeably striving to de-escalate the verbal
dispute, it also presented a series of sanctions which were described in the relevant
press as so-called retaliatory tariffs.
The reason behind this diplomatic duel, however, has substance. It is evident that the
USA and China share an exceptional status with regard to economic fundamentals.
The US has the largest international trade deficit of US$ 375.2 billion vis-à-vis China.
China, on the other hand, is by far the largest creditor of the USA on an international
scale and currently holds around US$ 1.2 trillion in government bonds. Accordingly,
China exerts a major economic influence over the USA. This objective situation
opposes the subjective self-reflection of the government under President Trump, which
hardly misses an opportunity to operate on an international level with the help of
supposed deals according to the credo "America first".
The labor market is confronted with social, environmental, and economic developments that affect working conditions and individual labor relations. Lately, the Covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated and reinforced the importance of inclusive growth and sustainable work relationships. In this chapter, the smart job factory, a metamodel that supports the creation of new forms of work by redefining roles in labor, is introduced. The smart job factory is based on social entrepreneurship principles to drive innovative, sustainable, and long-term solutions to social challenges. For practical application, the model can be translated into a software solution that supports employers in the assessment of current working conditions and job roles within their companies and helps to redefine work relationships and to create new jobs. Thus, the smart job factory supports the labor market transition by systematically and proactively shaping new forms of work based on the triple bottom line of sustainable development.
This thesis is about the significance of the Chinese construction industry on the Chinese "One Belt, One Road" initiative. The most important question discussed in this thesis are: What is "One Belt, One Road"? How does the domestic construction industry in China benefits from the New Silk Road? And, the Chinese interests behind "One Belt, One Road"?
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between contextual work-related factors in terms of job demands (workload-WL) and job resources (work flexibility-WF), work-life conflict (WLC) and the burnout dimension emotional exhaustion (EE) in a large population-based sample. Building on the job demands resources model (JDRM), we have developed the hypothesis that WL has an indirect effect on EE that is mediated by WLC. We conducted a secondary analysis using data from the Dresden Burnout Study (DBS, N = 4246, mean age (SD) = 42.7 years (10.5); 36.4% male). Results from structural equation modelling revealed that EE is positively associated with WL (β = 0.15, p = 0.001) and negatively associated with WF (β = -0.13, p = 0.001), also after accounting for potential confounding variables (demography, depressive symptoms, and lifetime diagnosis of burnout). Both effects are mediated by WLC (β = 0.18; p = 0.001 and β = 0.08; p = 0.001, respectively) highlighting the important role of WLC in employee health. In summary, WF may help to reduce burnout symptoms in employees, whereas WL may increase them. Study results suggest that both associations depend on WLC levels.
Natural varnishes have been used for centuries by musical instrument makers to protect the instruments for climatic, aesthetic and acoustic reasons. The effects of varnishes on the protection of the wood surface, as well as their aesthetic parameters, are easier to verify and compare visually, but the comparison of their acoustic effects has always been challenging and debated.
In fact, varnish layers have a small effect on the vibration properties of wood. For example, the effect of a decrease or increase in humidity on the vibration properties of wood is sometimes equal to the effect of several layers of varnish. Because of this small amount of effect, measuring this effect is also difficult and challenging.
Our strategy in this study is to obtain the clearest possible results by comparing the effect of only two types of oil varnishes with completely opposite elastomechanical properties and increasing the number of samples varnished.
The samples were measured before and after each varnish layer using conventional methods for measuring vibration properties, and the average results of the same samples were discussed and analyzed.
Overall, the amber varnish obviously has a more negative effect on the vibration properties of the violin plates compared to the colophony varnish.
Due to the current emission standards and the even more environmentally friendly vehicle developing. The ethanol level in the fuel has been increased more and more over the past few years. This is the reason why the manufactures must look out for while developing the engine management software.
To get a subjective point of view of what happens with this increase, a universal test procedure was established. A fully instrumented gasoline vehicle was tested with four test fuels. During testing the procedure had to be modified from the first seen data. That is why two Drive cycles had been generated.
After the evaluation of the collected data, the influence of ethanol on the cold start and warm up phase was shown. As a result, higher ethanol content in the fuel increased hesitation and negative effect of that component. Also, it became even more clear, that this test procedure should be used for more than just one vehicle. This would help with clarifying if this effect was caused by the ethanol alone or if the software or design of the engine had an influence on it.
Die Bachelorarbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung, die verschiedenen Arten und die Auswirkungen in der Theorie und an konkreten Beispielen von Ausländischen Direktinvestitionen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf Deutschland als Teil der EU bzw. Ausländischen Direktinvestitionen aus China.
China has become one of the largest economies world wide. While China itself used to receive huge amounts of FDI or aid from developed countries, it is now in the position to support less developed coutries. Cambodia is an example for such an LDC which is strongly supported through development aid and investments from China. This thesis analyses the unique advantages this country is offering to China. In addition, this thesis is trying to evaluate whether both participating countries equally benefit from this partnership.
was ist HIV/AIDS? Wie ist HIV/AIDS verbreitet in der Welt? HIV/AIDS in Tanzania: heute und in Zukunft Auswirkungen von AIDS auf Struktur und Zusammensetzung der Arbeitskräfte in Tanzania -> ableitend davon Auswirkungen auf betriebe, auf die Wirtschaftallgemein, auf verschiedene Wirtschaftszweige -> außerdem inwieweit AIDS den einzelnen Haushalt betrifft, insbesondere Frauen Zusammenspiel von Armut und AIDS
The goal of this paper is to determine all relevant factors that influence the economic outcome and development of a country including the culture people practice. In the beginning of the paper it will be given a thorough explanation of culture and its components. There have been different theories on how culture influences the economic power of a country which until today are considered controversial. Therefore, it will be taken a closer look at for instance the theory of Max Weber, who explained in his book
THE CHINESE EXCHANGE RATE
(2011)
The leading question, which political system is better suited for an emerging economy with a large population to ensure an effective climate protection, builds the nucleus of this thesis. The People's Republic of China and the Republic of India, which share similar demographic conditions and represent an autocratic and a democratic form of government, are compared in terms of the formulation and implementation of climate protection strategies and measures to draw conclusions about the characteristics of the respective systems.
Background: Proctoring represents a cornerstone in the acquisition of state‐of‐the‐art cardiovascular interventions. Yet, travel restrictions and containment measures during the COVID‐19 pandemic limited on‐site proctoring for training and expert support in interventional cardiology.
Methods and Results: We established a teleproctoring setup for training in a novel patent foramen ovale closure device system (NobleStitch EL, HeartStitch Inc, Fountain Valley, CA) at our institution using web‐based real‐time bidirectional audiovisual communication. A total of 6 patients with prior paradoxical embolic stroke and a right‐to‐left shunt of grade 2 or 3 were treated under remote proctorship after 3 cases were performed successfully under on‐site proctorship. No major device/procedure‐related adverse events occurred, and none of the patients had a residual right‐to‐left shunt of grade 1 or higher after the procedure. Additionally, we sought to provide an overview of current evidence available for teleproctoring in interventional cardiology. Literature review was performed identifying 6 previous reports on teleproctoring for cardiovascular interventions, most of which were related to the current COVID‐19 pandemic. In all reports, teleproctoring was carried out in similar settings with comparable setups; no major adverse events were reported.
Conclusions: Teleproctoring may represent a feasible and safe tool for location‐independent and cost‐effective training in a novel patent foramen ovale closure device system. Future prospective trials comparing teleproctoring with traditional on‐site proctoring are warranted.
Methods of analyzing the structural integrity of compound materials under stressed conditions becoming more importantly. Not merely safety and economic reasons demanding a good monitoring of e.g. wind turbine blades or aircraft wings but also ecological ones. The existing strategy for the blades is to replace them at a certain schedule, resulting in unnecessary downtimes and high cost. Several possibilities of an optical structural health monitoring system been examined in this thesis. Both free-space and fiber-based setups are tested and evaluated in their usability. The methods were tested with the objective of embedding them into large-scale polymer structures such as the mentioned fields of application.
Background: Stroke is one of the most frequent causes of death in Germany and the developed countries. After a stroke, those affected often suffer particularly from functional motor restrictions of the upper extremities. Newer techniques such as the BCI-FES systems aim to establish a communication channel between the brain and external devices with a neuromuscular intervention. The electrical activity of the brain is measured, processed, translated into control signals and can then be used to control an application.
Methods: As a mixed-methods design (exploratory design), eight guideline-based expert interviews were conducted first. For the quantitative expert survey, 95 chief physicians from the field of neuromedicine in rehabilitation facilities nationwide were subsequently invited to participate in an online survey.
Results: In our data analysis, we found that doctors are largely open-minded towards new technical rehabilitation systems. In addition to the proper functioning of the system, they consider the understanding of the functionality and the meaningfulness of the system to be particularly important. In addition, the system should be motivating for individuals, generate meaningful movements, be easy to use, evidence-based and quick to set up. Concerns were expressed regarding the understanding of the system’s processes, especially in the acute phase after a stroke, as well as the excessive expectation of results from the system on the part of the persons. The experts named stroke patients in rehabilitation phase C, which is about mobilization and recovery, as well as all persons who can understand the language requirements as benefiting groups of people.
Conclusion: The present study shows that more research should and must be done in the field of BCI-FES interfaces, and various development trends have been identified. The system has the potential to play a leading role in the rehabilitation of stroke patients in the future. Nevertheless, more work should be done on the improvement and implementation as well as the system’s susceptibility to interference in everyday patient life.
Finite element Analysis is a powerful tool that enables a thorough examination of the physical and mechanical aspects of various objects, yielding insights that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. In the context of the guitar industry, this technology can be used to determine the role of internal bracing structures with a high degree of precision. Specifically, FEM is commonly utilized to analyze the natural vibration frequency of guitars and to gain a better understanding of their vibrational behaviour. Although there are many sources that describe the impact of braces on the natural frequencies of guitar tops, there exists a paucity of research that delves into how these structures achieve their effects.
The purpose of this paper is to employ FEM to examine the effect of braces on the soundboard and to contrast the results with those obtained from an actual soundboard fabricated by the author. Through simulation, we aim to elucidate the influence of various factors such as position, height, and profile on the soundboard's performance. However, it is important to note that there may be discrepancies between the simulation results and the actual performance of the soundboard owing to measurement errors and constraints associated with manual production. As a result, the data generated by this study should not be regarded as reference data.
This paper deals with systematic approaches for the analysis of stability properties and controller design for nonlinear dynamical systems. Numerical methods based on sum-of-squares decomposition or algebraic methods based on quantifier elimination are used. Starting from Lyapunov’s direct method, these methods can be used to derive conditions for the automatic verification of Lyapunov functions as well as for the structural determination of control laws. This contribution describes methods for the automatic verification of (control) Lyapunov functions as well as for the constructive determination of control laws.
Sustainable Integration of Digitalisation in Nursing Education - An International Scoping Review
(2024)
This article aims to identify the status quo of sustainability covenants firstly, secondly analyze their possibilities in enhancing sustainability performance and thirdly present further research directions. Covenants are additional contractual agreements mainly used in financial contracts, e.g. loans. They often focus on financial performance indicators, e.g., equity and net debt ratio, which the borrower must fulfil. However, the purpose of this article is to present a new approach to non-financial covenants, so-called sustainability covenants. Therefore, also nowadays ecological and social challenges are addressed. Banks have a huge impact on sustainable development by introducing more non-financial indicators in evaluating the creditability of borrowers. As a key hypothesis, this article argues that the approach of integrating ecological and social objectives through non-financial covenants is underrepresented in economic and business practice. Therefore, this article wants to examine how those objectives can be integrated into the financial concept of covenants and rely on research towards an integrative sustainability approach. In addition, a systematic literature review was conducted from October 2022 to July 2023 to analyze the status quo and derive future research directions. The review was based on two databases – Google Scholar and Scopus. As one key result, it was revealed that there is scarce existing literature on sustainability covenants, which refers to them as a policy measure. Only a few publications analyze their usage in financial contracts. However, this study implies the necessity for further research on sustainability covenants, emphasizing that they are powerful indicators to enhance the sustainability performance of the borrower.
The electrical conduction mechanism of resistive switching Prussian white (PW) thin films obtained by the electrodeposition method was examined by AC impedance spectroscopy and DC current–voltage measurements. Using an electrode tip to contact PW grown over Au, robust unipolar resistive switching was observed with a current change of up to three orders of magnitude, high repeatability, and reproducibility. Moreover, electrical impedance spectroscopy showed that the resistive switching comes from small conductive filaments formed by potassium ions before the establishment of larger conductive channels. Both voltammetry and EIS measurements suggest that the electrical properties and conductive filament formation are influenced by defects and ions present in the grain boundaries. Thus, PW is a potential material for the next generation of ReRAM devices.
Sodium iron hexacyanoferrate (NaFeHCF) films were electrodeposited on Au/Cr/Si for the study of growth behavior and physical properties. The NaFeHCF films were studied by different analytical methods to prove the chemical composition, morphology and crystal structure. The grains of the film grow with a cubic structure with an average lattice parameter of 10.10 Å and the preferential growth direction along the [111] direction of the cubic cell. The films show a repeatable bipolar resistive switching behavior accompanied by high current changes (up to a factor of ~105). The different resistive states in the materials are dominated by ohmic conduction.
The increasing impact of Internal combustion engines on the environment have led to some stringent rules over the automotive industry, which have forced them to have a deeper investigation into the components of the engine.Friction, oil consumption and blow-by are the major concern of the automotive industry and all of this happens at the Piston-ring pack assembly. So, through this work using 3D CFD software Star CCM+, the better understanding of the fluid mechanics in the Piston-ring pack is addressed, which could be helpful for the broad range of R&D and can also provide base for the further CFD research. A two-dimensional geometric section of the Piston-ring pack has been selected of the Gasoline engine having the operating condition of full load. The 2D Piston-ring pack has been modelled with the transient condition of Pressure and Temperature over the cycle. Dynamic mesh has been created for the kinematics and dynamics of the Piston and rings. Gas flow and oil flow in the Piston-ring pack was analysed with the dependent parameters like absolute pressure for 3 cycles, which was also compared with available MBS (Multi-body Simulation) results, Mass flow rate. Based on that, the flow pattern of the gas and oil was captured with different transport mechanism i.e. reverse flow, inertia force, squeezing, pumping. Hydrodynamic friction power loss was also studied between ring-liner gap due to shear stress in lubricating oil and the results was compared with MBS results. The resultant axial and radial force acting on the rings was also calculated and compared for all the 3 cycles. This work is the comprehensive investigation of the Piston-ring pack (2D-model) for all the important mechanism could take place in the Piston-ring pack. It constitutes a major step in understanding oil and gas dynamics in the Piston-ring pack.
This paper describes a project developed to establish strategies to minimize stigmatisation and discrimination related to tuberculosis (TB). The fact that one-third of the worlds\' population is infected by TB supported the need for this project. Stigmatization towards infected people doubles the huge burden of the disease. Strong negative consequences, such as economic, social and psychological impact on individuals\' lives are well documented. Stigma prevents patients from seeking health care attention and prohibits providers from delivering effective treatment and high quality care. To understand the context of TB stigmatisation, a global survey was implemented to collect expert views on the main causes, consequences and methods to reduce TB related stigma. Survey findings influenced the development of strategies to minimize TB related stigma and discrimination, and have been integrated into an information and action toolkit developed for nurses around the world. The toolkit, titled - TB and Stigma: A Double Burden -, will be published by the International Council of Nurses in late 2005. Key methods will be available in the - Global TB/MDR-TB Resource Centre - at the following web link: http://www.icn.ch/tb/index.html
Speech-controlled Home Shopping in Virtual Reality (Investigation and Prototypical Realization)
(2019)
In order to discover and to identify possible improvements in the interaction between humans
and computers, research in speech recognition in combination with virtual reality provides
an opportunity to learn about scientific fields such as human-computer interaction. For the aim
of reaching a new level of interactivity between users and systems, the research in virtual reality
contributes to several innovative ideas for researchers to discover inventive features. The idea
beyond prototyping speech controlled home shopping in virtual reality is to overcome some
technical limitations in virtual reality and to serve direct interaction between the user and the
virtual reality environment through speech commands.
This bachelor thesis focuses on the recent financial crisis that hit many countries one way or another. While the general causes and consequences are explained, the focus is on Spain and how the crisis developed there, in which ways the Spanish government and people were influenced and what measures were taken to restore the country's economy. Special emphasis is also put on the Austrian Business Cycle Theory in order to explain the origin of the financial crisis that started in 2007. All in all, the main aim of this paper is to give a small overview of this global crisis and its impact on Spain.