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Vitalpolitik
(2022)
Abstract: This chapter reconstructs the notion of ‘vital policy’ (Vitalpolitik), an approach to the social question whose first and strongest proponent amongst the Ordoliberals was Alexander Rüstow. It is opposed to traditional social policy as a top-down provision of material benefits (welfare). Instead, it aims at enabling those ‘conditions of life’ (Lebenslagen) that provide the prerequisites for human beings and their community to flourish. This humanistic approach attempts to complement the competitive processes in a market society and to provide access and equal opportunity to these processes, focusing on the notion of fair starting conditions for individuals. In its general thrust, Vitalpolitik is well compatible with more recent research programmes, especially the capability approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum.
The objective of the study is to improve the functionality of the Virtual Reality Laboratory (VR Labs) of the Faculty of Automotive Engineering and enhance its applicability in Road Traffic Engineering education and training at the University of Applied Sciences Zwickau (WHZ). In this study, a comprehensive description of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) as well as their wide application in education has been given.
An insight into the VR Labs of the Faculty of Automotive Engineering at WHZ is provided. The study built and proposed eight use cases of VR Labs in road traffic engineering training and education at WHZ. The limitations and barriers in deploying application cases are analyzed and suitable solutions are given. The adoption of virtual reality can be an easy transition based on BIM modeling software development, and 3D and 360 degrees scanning.
An extension of the VR Labs application for other areas of education at WHZ has been identified. In addition, technologies, areas of application, and future research directions are mentioned. Innovations such as 3D modeling and BIM-based workflows that are being encouraged through the development of content-created engines will provide students with opportunities for using VR/AR on road traffic and infrastructure projects in the future.
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) as a means of public transportation is set to revolutionize the mobility behavior of elderly people in the coming future. Though the vehicle manufacturers and corporates emphasize on potential benefits of AVs to elderly citizens, very little has been researched and studied about this large cohort (age 65+) in society. This study aims to measure the experience of the elderlies in this Highly Automat Shuttle (HAS) in Berlin and find out the potential pros and cons affecting the design, trust and security, and perception to adopt this technology in the future. Among the elderly respondents surveyed, 93% found the HAS convenient, with minor design issues addressed. Respondents (90%) were willing to use it for their first and last-mile journey and considered that the HAS would help improve the social participation of elderlies with mobility restrictions. However, elderlies still have trust issues integrating a fully driverless vehicle in the domain of public transportation. The significant findings on the difference in the experience of HAS between the elderlies, adults, and younger adults could be adopted to develop the design further, making it more comfortable and trustworthy towards the elderly population.
With the help of the Laser-Speckle phenomenon different in-vivo diagnostic applications can be performed at the surfaces of different tissues such as the skin, the retinal skin and the cerebral cortex. In this study the Laser light scattering phenomenon is used to measure blood flow and hemoglobin concentration change. There are a lot of different approaches to perform these investigations for example with single-mode or multi-mode fibers. A comparison between the two illumination systems is presented together with an experimental setup. The results show that both of the approaches are feasible under specific conditions. Both fiber illumination systems have their advantages and limitations in fulfilling different tasks. The two approaches are tested and evaluated to propose specific applications for every illumination system. With these results future uses of the proposed methods are encouraged.
With the introduction of more and more stringent exhaust emission limitations for diesel engines by the legislation, engine and vehicle manufactures looking for solutions to meet this legislation limits with minimal hardware changes. In the present study experiments were performed to find possible solutions to meet TIER-4a emission limits without using a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). Two similar medium duty diesel engines were chosen to demonstrate this only by changing the fuel injection hardware and calibration. The study was divided into an investigation of the benefit of higher injection pressures while the second part concentrated on the investigation of multiple injection effects. It was found that with the use of high injection pressures from 1800 bar upwards together with high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates the targets can be fulfilled with a single injection. This test was performed at the rated speed 100% load point. The multiple injection experiments demonstrated that the use of an early large pilot injection together with an close post injection can reduce the NOx and smoke emissions efficiently. It was found that with this injection strategy the TIER-4a emission targets can be achieved with a railpressure of only 1300 bar and lower EGR rate of 15% at a mid speed 75% load point (mode-6). The set of experiments also included a investigation into another efficient possibility to achieve TIER-4a emission standards with the use of a DPF but without the use of an EGR system. It was found that with the use of an early pilot injection and a retarded main injection timing it is possible to reduce the NOx formation to achieve the 3 g/kWh NOx limit.
Vehicular emission is often the main source of air pollution. The chief pollutants react with air and secondary pollutants resulting in adverse effects to the environment. European commission has legislated laws in order to reduce the air pollution from vehicular emissions.
Traffic modelling has been used for many decades and particularly in the last decade, flow of traffic based on vehicle type has been used to estimate emission of polluting gases and particles. Passenger car and Heavy duty Emission Model (PHEM) is used along with microscopic traffic flow simulation software VISSIM (In German: Verkehr In Städten – SIMulationsmodell meaning "Traffic in cities - simulation model") for estimation of major two major pollutants of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides) and particulate matter emitted from passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles, based on their technical performance characteristics in a traffic flow at a typical German motorway segment. With a country’s fixed fleet composition for a particular year, PHEM gives fuel consumption and emission as outputs using fuel types used (diesel or petrol) and based on the trajectories of the vehicles.
This study is planned to exploit the developments and investigate the validation of this software with HBEFA. Different 25 scenarios are created for a German motorway segment with varying traffic behaviours; and the emission results between two emission modelling software tools are compared.
An omnipresent topic in the economic news of the current year 2018 were the
developments regarding the smoldering trade dispute between the USA and China.
Within short periods of time, a downright exchange of strikes between the
administrations of the two countries evolved, with the President of the USA, Donald
Trump, in particular, pithily announcing to China an increasingly serious threat of
sanctions. Although the Chinese side was noticeably striving to de-escalate the verbal
dispute, it also presented a series of sanctions which were described in the relevant
press as so-called retaliatory tariffs.
The reason behind this diplomatic duel, however, has substance. It is evident that the
USA and China share an exceptional status with regard to economic fundamentals.
The US has the largest international trade deficit of US$ 375.2 billion vis-à-vis China.
China, on the other hand, is by far the largest creditor of the USA on an international
scale and currently holds around US$ 1.2 trillion in government bonds. Accordingly,
China exerts a major economic influence over the USA. This objective situation
opposes the subjective self-reflection of the government under President Trump, which
hardly misses an opportunity to operate on an international level with the help of
supposed deals according to the credo "America first".
This thesis is about the significance of the Chinese construction industry on the Chinese "One Belt, One Road" initiative. The most important question discussed in this thesis are: What is "One Belt, One Road"? How does the domestic construction industry in China benefits from the New Silk Road? And, the Chinese interests behind "One Belt, One Road"?
Natural varnishes have been used for centuries by musical instrument makers to protect the instruments for climatic, aesthetic and acoustic reasons. The effects of varnishes on the protection of the wood surface, as well as their aesthetic parameters, are easier to verify and compare visually, but the comparison of their acoustic effects has always been challenging and debated.
In fact, varnish layers have a small effect on the vibration properties of wood. For example, the effect of a decrease or increase in humidity on the vibration properties of wood is sometimes equal to the effect of several layers of varnish. Because of this small amount of effect, measuring this effect is also difficult and challenging.
Our strategy in this study is to obtain the clearest possible results by comparing the effect of only two types of oil varnishes with completely opposite elastomechanical properties and increasing the number of samples varnished.
The samples were measured before and after each varnish layer using conventional methods for measuring vibration properties, and the average results of the same samples were discussed and analyzed.
Overall, the amber varnish obviously has a more negative effect on the vibration properties of the violin plates compared to the colophony varnish.
Due to the current emission standards and the even more environmentally friendly vehicle developing. The ethanol level in the fuel has been increased more and more over the past few years. This is the reason why the manufactures must look out for while developing the engine management software.
To get a subjective point of view of what happens with this increase, a universal test procedure was established. A fully instrumented gasoline vehicle was tested with four test fuels. During testing the procedure had to be modified from the first seen data. That is why two Drive cycles had been generated.
After the evaluation of the collected data, the influence of ethanol on the cold start and warm up phase was shown. As a result, higher ethanol content in the fuel increased hesitation and negative effect of that component. Also, it became even more clear, that this test procedure should be used for more than just one vehicle. This would help with clarifying if this effect was caused by the ethanol alone or if the software or design of the engine had an influence on it.