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The world of engineering has changed significantly over the last years. Increased time to market, cost and produce variety constraints lead, next to the introduction of new engineering technologies and tools, to the implementation of new engineering processes, such as Simultaneous Engineering. The Rover Group started with the implementation of Simultaneous Engineering Principles within their development departments at the beginning of the 90's. The requirements towards the realisation of Simultaneous Engineering within their development projects changed when the Rover Group started working and developing products with BMW in 1994. Within this Diploma the intake manifold development process for the NG4 engine, the first joint developed combustion engine between the Powertrain sections of BMW and Rover, will be analysed. The basis for the analysed. The basis for the analysis of the Simultaneous Engineering Process are SE-Principles, based on literature research, which will be estimated on their degree of realisation within the development process. In the final part of the Diploma some recommendations regarding the creation of future Powertrain Engineering processes are given, in particular, focus on the improvement of the international co-operation between the development departments of BMW and Rover Group. It is to note, a lot of basic project information used for the analysis and recommendation within this Diploma are based on UK development sources. Not all statements given within this Diploma might be valid for the Munich based BMW departments or the manufacturing section. <!-- #h:dissdiplDevelopment.doc# -->
At first an indroduction is given to lidar, atmospheric basics, include scattering and absorption, and different experiments using lidar in space. Then it's shown how you can determine aerosol layers using LITE data. Two different kinds of Color Rations will analyzed on these aerosol layers. To calculate Color Rations it's necessary to calibrate the LITE data in the 352 nm and the 1064 nm wavelength. A calibration ratio is used, because of problems with the calabration in the 1064 nm channel.<br> The Attenued Totel Color Ration can be used to distinguish betweeen clouds and aerosols. This will be done for the Orbit 55 on single shot and averaged shot data, and for more averaged shot data in other Orbits. On the other hand the Particle Color Ratio, which is analyzed from the top of the layer with the Top Skimming Technique, can be used to find out what kind of particle is it.
The role accomlished by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules in initiating and regulating immune respouses, binding short pepticles and displaying them on the cell surface for recoguition by Tiell receptors, is of the atmost importance in immunlogogy. However, only a subset of peptider is capable of binding to any particular MHC molecule. The study was undertaken to rationalize MHC/ peptide interactions in terms of molecular structural requirements for the prediction of class I MHC buding peptides. Prediction of buding activities by means of computational methods can minimize experimental assays, and lead to the development of vaceines and immune-therapeutie drugs.
was ist HIV/AIDS? Wie ist HIV/AIDS verbreitet in der Welt? HIV/AIDS in Tanzania: heute und in Zukunft Auswirkungen von AIDS auf Struktur und Zusammensetzung der Arbeitskräfte in Tanzania -> ableitend davon Auswirkungen auf betriebe, auf die Wirtschaftallgemein, auf verschiedene Wirtschaftszweige -> außerdem inwieweit AIDS den einzelnen Haushalt betrifft, insbesondere Frauen Zusammenspiel von Armut und AIDS
Diese empirische Diplomarbeit in englischer Sprache wirft einen Blick auf den Status Quo des Estnischen HIV/AIDS Präventionssystems und entwirft Hypothesen und Vorschläge, dessen Wirkung zu verbessern. Die Grundlage bilden qualitative Interviews mit Schlüsselpersonen, welche die Phänomene Konsens, Kooperation und Kapazitätenschaffung sowie deren Bedeutung für die Estnische HIV/AIDS Prävention untersuchen. Bei diesen Phänomenen handelt es sich um wichtige und bisher unbestimmte Problemfelder, welche zum Teil den Widerspruch zwischen einer erfolgreichen politischen und ökonomischen Transition Estlands und der hohen HIV Prävalenzrate erklären. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit beziehen sich auf das existierende Qualitätsmanagement von NGOs, die horizontale Kooperation von NGOs und die vertikale Kooperation von Staat und NGOs. Darüber hinaus wird der Aspekt der Führung sowie das Estnische Präventionsprogramm aus Mitteln des Globalen Found zur Bekämpfung von AIDS, Tuberkulose und Malaria betrachtet.
This paper describes a project developed to establish strategies to minimize stigmatisation and discrimination related to tuberculosis (TB). The fact that one-third of the worlds\' population is infected by TB supported the need for this project. Stigmatization towards infected people doubles the huge burden of the disease. Strong negative consequences, such as economic, social and psychological impact on individuals\' lives are well documented. Stigma prevents patients from seeking health care attention and prohibits providers from delivering effective treatment and high quality care. To understand the context of TB stigmatisation, a global survey was implemented to collect expert views on the main causes, consequences and methods to reduce TB related stigma. Survey findings influenced the development of strategies to minimize TB related stigma and discrimination, and have been integrated into an information and action toolkit developed for nurses around the world. The toolkit, titled - TB and Stigma: A Double Burden -, will be published by the International Council of Nurses in late 2005. Key methods will be available in the - Global TB/MDR-TB Resource Centre - at the following web link: http://www.icn.ch/tb/index.html
Subject of the thesis is the development and testing of a laboratory setup for test measurements of acoustic neutrino detectors in ice environments. The preparation of clear ice was one major part of the thesis. Different sound sources, piezos and lasers, have been used as sound sources. The development of a directed sound source, basing on a parabolic reflector, is described in the thesis. Finally, the temperature behavior of acoutic neutrino detectors was investigated.
The objective of this work is to provide some useful tools to foreign investors intentioned to make business in Turkey, giving a general overview of the country. Political, economic, social as well as environmental characteristics are described in order to give a global point of view on this emerging market. Besides, four selected industrial sectors are analyzed and possible business opportunities for each sector have been indicated. In this sense, some considerations on the potentialities of Turkish market are given on the basis of two chances and risks profiles, one in the case that Turkey will become a full member of the European Union and the other in the case that it will maintain the actual status of simply associated partner.
Developing of a marketing-mix for Duerr Ecoclean for the modified Spray Cleaning Machine "Jeto 84W". Duerr Ecoclean already established its business within the Chinese Automotive Industry and is now trying to touch the Chinese Component Industry. Therefore, they are looking for a suitable strategy to enter this market. The thesis included an analysis of the market environment, customer base, and competitor structure to develop a fitting marketing-mix to implement the Spray Cleaning Machine "Jeto 84W".
Die Diplomarbeit umfasst die Analyse der für den Prüfstand notwendigen Geräte, den Aufbau des Prüfstandes und die Programmierung von kundenspezifischen Applikationen mittels LabVIEW.
The aim of this Diploma Thesis is the adjustment and optimization of an existing turbocharged diesel engine on the much promising HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) Combustion Technique in base on adapted piston geometries and injecting strategies. This adjustment is focused on the simulation of the complete engine, while suitable simulation programs for the different subsystems of the engine. On base of the 1-D simulation routine AMESim (Imagine) the Injector of the Common Rail System, and thus the injecting behaviour is simulated. Afterwards the results are used in the 3-D CFD program FIRE (AVL), in order to represent a Single Cylinder Engine of the overall system. The Conclusion forms the simulation of the overall diesel engine on the base of the simulation routine BOOST (AVL).
Experimental and theoretical investigation of mechanical stresses in Through-Silicon-Vias (TSV)
(2007)
In the work an experimental and theoretical investigation of the influence on the wafer bending of Through-Silicon-Vias (TSV) and their processing is presented. In a first step the influence of the anisotropic material properties of silicon and the thicknesses of an oxide hard mask and a tungsten film were analyzed at room temperature and as a function of the temperature up to 500 °C. For this purpose, the wafer bow was determined experimentally. In a second step, the analysis was extended to structured wafers. Wafers with Through-Silicon-Vias were etched and coated subsequently with several films. The wafer bow at room temperature was monitored stepwise. The theoretical analysis of bow and stress was done by using the Finite-Element-Program ANSYS. Models for unstructured wafers with various films were developed and the results compared with the experimental bow. For structured wafers, a model of a single via was generated; local deformations, stresses and the stress distribution were determined. To attempt the simulation of fully structured wafers, an effective medium model was developed as first step approximation.
Optimierung der logistischen Kette bei ElectroMagnetic GeoServices (emgs) - Analyse der wirtschaftlichen Effizienz bei Versendung und Lagerung von Ersatzteilen in Asien vor der Bedarfsentstehung
With the introduction of more and more stringent exhaust emission limitations for diesel engines by the legislation, engine and vehicle manufactures looking for solutions to meet this legislation limits with minimal hardware changes. In the present study experiments were performed to find possible solutions to meet TIER-4a emission limits without using a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). Two similar medium duty diesel engines were chosen to demonstrate this only by changing the fuel injection hardware and calibration. The study was divided into an investigation of the benefit of higher injection pressures while the second part concentrated on the investigation of multiple injection effects. It was found that with the use of high injection pressures from 1800 bar upwards together with high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates the targets can be fulfilled with a single injection. This test was performed at the rated speed 100% load point. The multiple injection experiments demonstrated that the use of an early large pilot injection together with an close post injection can reduce the NOx and smoke emissions efficiently. It was found that with this injection strategy the TIER-4a emission targets can be achieved with a railpressure of only 1300 bar and lower EGR rate of 15% at a mid speed 75% load point (mode-6). The set of experiments also included a investigation into another efficient possibility to achieve TIER-4a emission standards with the use of a DPF but without the use of an EGR system. It was found that with the use of an early pilot injection and a retarded main injection timing it is possible to reduce the NOx formation to achieve the 3 g/kWh NOx limit.
In the present work of thesis, exhaust gas temperature transients of different diesel electric hybrid configurations equipped to a mid-size European passenger car were evaluated through numerical simulation. Different degrees of hybridization, from micro to mild hybrids, based on General Motors BAS powertrain architecture, enabling different hybridization strategies, were taken into account in order to obtain a preliminary assessment of the impact of micro and mild hybridization on the exhaust aftertreatment system's efficiency over the regulated New European Driving Cycle. Thereto, the simulation software GT-SUITE featuring an one dimensional code was used to build a model of the reference vehicle with conventional powertrain, to which the corresponding BAS configurations were later equipped. The simulated exhaust gas temperature transients were then compared and evaluated.