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In this study more than 150 kg real waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) shredder residues from different European dismantling plant were treated by laserspectroscopic flouroescence and solvent-based recycling process. Currently, the samples used are excluded from material recycling and remain as side streams in state-of-the-art plastic recycling plants. The main reason why the waste streams are not currently recycled is due to the fact that they contain flame retardants that are already banned by different EU regulations (e.g. REACH, POP) and must be removed before the recyclates produced can be used again in products on the market. Conventional recycling technologies cannot separate these hazardous flame retardants from the polymers, therefore the solvent-based recycling process was used for this study. The focus within this work was the upscaling of the CreaSolv® Process from the laboratory scale to the small technical scale to provide larger quantities of recyclates. Sensor-based sorting process and CreaSolv® Process were combined to achieve easier handling and better yields of recyclates. By means of safe solvents a significant decrease of halogen content of (up to 98%) was achieved within the applied methods. Mass balances were determined, and gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) as well as energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) measurements provided data on the different flame retardants and halogen content of each recyclate. As a result, the recyclates produced comply with the limit values of the EU directives (e.g. POPs, REACH). Melt flow analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were carried out on the recyclates for a quality evaluation and revealed that the recyclates have similar properties to virgin materials. Based on this work, the upscaling of the CreaSolv® Process is able to recycle WEEE containing pollutants and at the same time produce recyclates with good mechanical properties.
The use of fossil resources must be phased out during the next decades in order to stay below a well below 2°C trajectory adopted with the Paris Agreement. The growing threat of climate changes arises large uncertainties concerning natural and social systems and induced changes on economic activities and human welfare in the 21st century. As recent climate negotiations failed to achieve significant progress to stop the climate change, GHG emissions fragmented the international communities. Total carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is at the highest levels ever recorded. Since, it is very important to differentiate the total CO2 and its origin.
Evidently, CO2 has been identifed as the most important GHG because it contributes the largest share to the anthropogenic increase of radiative forcing and grows fastest. Anthropogenic sources of CO2 emissions are fossilfuel combustion (FFC), cement production, traditional biomass combustion and land use change, which contain chlorouorocarbons, hydrochlorouorocarbons and others. Where Biogenic CO2 emission sources are fermentation, biogas and other biological process. Compare to atropogenicsource with high purity.
The thesis provides an improved overview of R&D, pilot, demonstration and commercial projects that capture CO2 from biogas plants and other biogenic sources and subsequently put this carbon to further use. Best practices in terms of business models and GHG saving potentials are described. The CO2 emissions mitigation are related to the innovation, technologies, investment and moreover the strong policies from the Government
Due to the current emission standards and the even more environmentally friendly vehicle developing. The ethanol level in the fuel has been increased more and more over the past few years. This is the reason why the manufactures must look out for while developing the engine management software.
To get a subjective point of view of what happens with this increase, a universal test procedure was established. A fully instrumented gasoline vehicle was tested with four test fuels. During testing the procedure had to be modified from the first seen data. That is why two Drive cycles had been generated.
After the evaluation of the collected data, the influence of ethanol on the cold start and warm up phase was shown. As a result, higher ethanol content in the fuel increased hesitation and negative effect of that component. Also, it became even more clear, that this test procedure should be used for more than just one vehicle. This would help with clarifying if this effect was caused by the ethanol alone or if the software or design of the engine had an influence on it.
The title of this thesis is the development of a Standardized Process Controlling and a method for the measurement of plant flexibility using the example of the Automotive Aftermarket (AA) division of the Robert Bosch GmbH. Developing the Standardized Process Controlling based on literature review and an analysis of existing procedures at the company. The approach consists of an instruction for process development and a reporting tool to control it after implementation. It is tested on three already existing processes as well as on the development of the Plant Flexibility process; establishing the Plant Flexibility measurement on the four aspects of line, volume, time and personnel capacity flexibility. In the application of the Standardized Process Controlling identified problems are used to improve and finalize the approach. As a result an easier implementation of processes as well as an evaluation of their current performance is possible.
The objective of this document is to design a connection between the devices of the two technologies SunSpec and Smart Energy 2.0 without the establishment of security backdoors. Smart Energy 2.0 devices should be able to gather data from SunSpec devices and modify writable registers for controlling purposes. Among other alternatives, the gateway proves itself as the most realistic and reasonable option and is chosen for further investigations. The connectivity requirements for such a device are analysed and mentioned. Interoperability between both networks is the core function of the gateway and established by the development of a Smart Energy 2.0 function set that implements the ability to represent SunSpec devices as resources in the Smart Energy 2.0 network. The gateway utilizes existing and introduces new mechanisms that maintain the high standard of security in Smart Energy 2.0 without any drawbacks. The document shows fundamental architectural approach and generally explains the functional and security mechanisms, but does not describe a complete gateway implementation.
The aim of this work is the analysis of characteristic properties of fuel jets in internal combustion engines for steady and transient spray velocities by means of CFD. The simulations were done using DNS. The used software is Gerris. Calculations with different Reynolds numbers, Weber numbers and density ratios were done. The adaptations of an already existing simulation file included the implementation of necessary output capabilities. The analysis of obtained data was done by previously created macros. The obtained non-dimensional results give information on penetration, number of droplets, SMD and droplets size distribution. One calculation was compared to experimental data.
With the launch of a new vehicle model Rolls-Royce Motorcars had to face a dramatic volume increase from 300% more cars being build in existing structure and facilities in the Test and Finish Area. This massive volume increase required a revisiting of the process flow of cars through this Test and Finish Area to show optimisation potential and possible improvements to work packages and sequence of operation. Furthermore it will be necessary to implement those improvements to cope increased future throughput targets. To find optimisation and improvement potentials it was essential to analyse the entire area. In doing so every single station and work package was analysed. In addition to this a simulation model was used to confirm the highlighted problems and bottlenecks. Furthermore it was possible to investigate the influence of certain measures. In a following step it was the aim to show a way how a permanent and stable vehicle flow is achievable. According to that an action plan was developed, which shows clear measures to cope not only future but also the current production volume. In doing so it was possible to gain a transparency into the processes. Furthermore the process flow was optimised into a pull strategy to improve respectively implement a takt adherence.
Qualification of tool to tool matching of a color image inspection system for wafer backsides
(2010)
This diploma thesis deals with the qualification of the color image inspection of a wafer backside inspection system as a means of defect detection. Currently, the color image is used to provide a quick overview and visual impression of the wafer backside. The goal of the diploma thesis is to qualify the color image inspection to comply with all requirements of tool to tool matching. As a given standard, the existing hardware design of the wafer backside inspection system can not be altered and has to be used in its current state. Potential causes of uncertainty introduced by this hardware design will be accounted for. The main focus of the diploma thesis will be the investigation of the three main factors influencing the color image inspection. These factors are the detected intensity, the contrast and the image sharpness. Their adjustability, repeatability, reproducibility and effect on the tool to tool matching are going to be quantified, necessary improvements will be formulated and the implementation of these improvements is going to be tested. Additionally, new and existing software factors influencing defect detection will be investigated with regard to their effect on the tool to tool matching. Lastly, based on the findings of the diploma thesis, a series of suggestions will be formulated. They will help to plan additional qualification steps, if necessary, and provide the basis for composing a guideline to achieve tool to tool matching for all systems in the field.
The thesis explains the economic and political motivation of China's drive towards Africa, the political framework for this and the approach to the African continent via trade, investment and aid. The Sino-African cooperation is exemplified by the countries Angola, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa. Finally several points of criticism and the perceptions of the Western world towards China's engagement with Africa will be examined.
In the present work of thesis, exhaust gas temperature transients of different diesel electric hybrid configurations equipped to a mid-size European passenger car were evaluated through numerical simulation. Different degrees of hybridization, from micro to mild hybrids, based on General Motors BAS powertrain architecture, enabling different hybridization strategies, were taken into account in order to obtain a preliminary assessment of the impact of micro and mild hybridization on the exhaust aftertreatment system's efficiency over the regulated New European Driving Cycle. Thereto, the simulation software GT-SUITE featuring an one dimensional code was used to build a model of the reference vehicle with conventional powertrain, to which the corresponding BAS configurations were later equipped. The simulated exhaust gas temperature transients were then compared and evaluated.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of mechanical stresses in Through-Silicon-Vias (TSV)
(2007)
In the work an experimental and theoretical investigation of the influence on the wafer bending of Through-Silicon-Vias (TSV) and their processing is presented. In a first step the influence of the anisotropic material properties of silicon and the thicknesses of an oxide hard mask and a tungsten film were analyzed at room temperature and as a function of the temperature up to 500 °C. For this purpose, the wafer bow was determined experimentally. In a second step, the analysis was extended to structured wafers. Wafers with Through-Silicon-Vias were etched and coated subsequently with several films. The wafer bow at room temperature was monitored stepwise. The theoretical analysis of bow and stress was done by using the Finite-Element-Program ANSYS. Models for unstructured wafers with various films were developed and the results compared with the experimental bow. For structured wafers, a model of a single via was generated; local deformations, stresses and the stress distribution were determined. To attempt the simulation of fully structured wafers, an effective medium model was developed as first step approximation.
With the introduction of more and more stringent exhaust emission limitations for diesel engines by the legislation, engine and vehicle manufactures looking for solutions to meet this legislation limits with minimal hardware changes. In the present study experiments were performed to find possible solutions to meet TIER-4a emission limits without using a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). Two similar medium duty diesel engines were chosen to demonstrate this only by changing the fuel injection hardware and calibration. The study was divided into an investigation of the benefit of higher injection pressures while the second part concentrated on the investigation of multiple injection effects. It was found that with the use of high injection pressures from 1800 bar upwards together with high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates the targets can be fulfilled with a single injection. This test was performed at the rated speed 100% load point. The multiple injection experiments demonstrated that the use of an early large pilot injection together with an close post injection can reduce the NOx and smoke emissions efficiently. It was found that with this injection strategy the TIER-4a emission targets can be achieved with a railpressure of only 1300 bar and lower EGR rate of 15% at a mid speed 75% load point (mode-6). The set of experiments also included a investigation into another efficient possibility to achieve TIER-4a emission standards with the use of a DPF but without the use of an EGR system. It was found that with the use of an early pilot injection and a retarded main injection timing it is possible to reduce the NOx formation to achieve the 3 g/kWh NOx limit.
Optimierung der logistischen Kette bei ElectroMagnetic GeoServices (emgs) - Analyse der wirtschaftlichen Effizienz bei Versendung und Lagerung von Ersatzteilen in Asien vor der Bedarfsentstehung
The objective of this work is to provide some useful tools to foreign investors intentioned to make business in Turkey, giving a general overview of the country. Political, economic, social as well as environmental characteristics are described in order to give a global point of view on this emerging market. Besides, four selected industrial sectors are analyzed and possible business opportunities for each sector have been indicated. In this sense, some considerations on the potentialities of Turkish market are given on the basis of two chances and risks profiles, one in the case that Turkey will become a full member of the European Union and the other in the case that it will maintain the actual status of simply associated partner.
Developing of a marketing-mix for Duerr Ecoclean for the modified Spray Cleaning Machine "Jeto 84W". Duerr Ecoclean already established its business within the Chinese Automotive Industry and is now trying to touch the Chinese Component Industry. Therefore, they are looking for a suitable strategy to enter this market. The thesis included an analysis of the market environment, customer base, and competitor structure to develop a fitting marketing-mix to implement the Spray Cleaning Machine "Jeto 84W".
Die Diplomarbeit umfasst die Analyse der für den Prüfstand notwendigen Geräte, den Aufbau des Prüfstandes und die Programmierung von kundenspezifischen Applikationen mittels LabVIEW.
The aim of this Diploma Thesis is the adjustment and optimization of an existing turbocharged diesel engine on the much promising HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) Combustion Technique in base on adapted piston geometries and injecting strategies. This adjustment is focused on the simulation of the complete engine, while suitable simulation programs for the different subsystems of the engine. On base of the 1-D simulation routine AMESim (Imagine) the Injector of the Common Rail System, and thus the injecting behaviour is simulated. Afterwards the results are used in the 3-D CFD program FIRE (AVL), in order to represent a Single Cylinder Engine of the overall system. The Conclusion forms the simulation of the overall diesel engine on the base of the simulation routine BOOST (AVL).
Subject of the thesis is the development and testing of a laboratory setup for test measurements of acoustic neutrino detectors in ice environments. The preparation of clear ice was one major part of the thesis. Different sound sources, piezos and lasers, have been used as sound sources. The development of a directed sound source, basing on a parabolic reflector, is described in the thesis. Finally, the temperature behavior of acoutic neutrino detectors was investigated.
This paper describes a project developed to establish strategies to minimize stigmatisation and discrimination related to tuberculosis (TB). The fact that one-third of the worlds\' population is infected by TB supported the need for this project. Stigmatization towards infected people doubles the huge burden of the disease. Strong negative consequences, such as economic, social and psychological impact on individuals\' lives are well documented. Stigma prevents patients from seeking health care attention and prohibits providers from delivering effective treatment and high quality care. To understand the context of TB stigmatisation, a global survey was implemented to collect expert views on the main causes, consequences and methods to reduce TB related stigma. Survey findings influenced the development of strategies to minimize TB related stigma and discrimination, and have been integrated into an information and action toolkit developed for nurses around the world. The toolkit, titled - TB and Stigma: A Double Burden -, will be published by the International Council of Nurses in late 2005. Key methods will be available in the - Global TB/MDR-TB Resource Centre - at the following web link: http://www.icn.ch/tb/index.html
Diese empirische Diplomarbeit in englischer Sprache wirft einen Blick auf den Status Quo des Estnischen HIV/AIDS Präventionssystems und entwirft Hypothesen und Vorschläge, dessen Wirkung zu verbessern. Die Grundlage bilden qualitative Interviews mit Schlüsselpersonen, welche die Phänomene Konsens, Kooperation und Kapazitätenschaffung sowie deren Bedeutung für die Estnische HIV/AIDS Prävention untersuchen. Bei diesen Phänomenen handelt es sich um wichtige und bisher unbestimmte Problemfelder, welche zum Teil den Widerspruch zwischen einer erfolgreichen politischen und ökonomischen Transition Estlands und der hohen HIV Prävalenzrate erklären. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit beziehen sich auf das existierende Qualitätsmanagement von NGOs, die horizontale Kooperation von NGOs und die vertikale Kooperation von Staat und NGOs. Darüber hinaus wird der Aspekt der Führung sowie das Estnische Präventionsprogramm aus Mitteln des Globalen Found zur Bekämpfung von AIDS, Tuberkulose und Malaria betrachtet.
was ist HIV/AIDS? Wie ist HIV/AIDS verbreitet in der Welt? HIV/AIDS in Tanzania: heute und in Zukunft Auswirkungen von AIDS auf Struktur und Zusammensetzung der Arbeitskräfte in Tanzania -> ableitend davon Auswirkungen auf betriebe, auf die Wirtschaftallgemein, auf verschiedene Wirtschaftszweige -> außerdem inwieweit AIDS den einzelnen Haushalt betrifft, insbesondere Frauen Zusammenspiel von Armut und AIDS
The role accomlished by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules in initiating and regulating immune respouses, binding short pepticles and displaying them on the cell surface for recoguition by Tiell receptors, is of the atmost importance in immunlogogy. However, only a subset of peptider is capable of binding to any particular MHC molecule. The study was undertaken to rationalize MHC/ peptide interactions in terms of molecular structural requirements for the prediction of class I MHC buding peptides. Prediction of buding activities by means of computational methods can minimize experimental assays, and lead to the development of vaceines and immune-therapeutie drugs.
At first an indroduction is given to lidar, atmospheric basics, include scattering and absorption, and different experiments using lidar in space. Then it's shown how you can determine aerosol layers using LITE data. Two different kinds of Color Rations will analyzed on these aerosol layers. To calculate Color Rations it's necessary to calibrate the LITE data in the 352 nm and the 1064 nm wavelength. A calibration ratio is used, because of problems with the calabration in the 1064 nm channel.<br> The Attenued Totel Color Ration can be used to distinguish betweeen clouds and aerosols. This will be done for the Orbit 55 on single shot and averaged shot data, and for more averaged shot data in other Orbits. On the other hand the Particle Color Ratio, which is analyzed from the top of the layer with the Top Skimming Technique, can be used to find out what kind of particle is it.
The world of engineering has changed significantly over the last years. Increased time to market, cost and produce variety constraints lead, next to the introduction of new engineering technologies and tools, to the implementation of new engineering processes, such as Simultaneous Engineering. The Rover Group started with the implementation of Simultaneous Engineering Principles within their development departments at the beginning of the 90's. The requirements towards the realisation of Simultaneous Engineering within their development projects changed when the Rover Group started working and developing products with BMW in 1994. Within this Diploma the intake manifold development process for the NG4 engine, the first joint developed combustion engine between the Powertrain sections of BMW and Rover, will be analysed. The basis for the analysed. The basis for the analysis of the Simultaneous Engineering Process are SE-Principles, based on literature research, which will be estimated on their degree of realisation within the development process. In the final part of the Diploma some recommendations regarding the creation of future Powertrain Engineering processes are given, in particular, focus on the improvement of the international co-operation between the development departments of BMW and Rover Group. It is to note, a lot of basic project information used for the analysis and recommendation within this Diploma are based on UK development sources. Not all statements given within this Diploma might be valid for the Munich based BMW departments or the manufacturing section. <!-- #h:dissdiplDevelopment.doc# -->