Open Access

This paper presents a framework for modeling urban traffic density to support micrologistics using automated guided vehicles (AGV), more specifically autonomous delivery robots (ADR). The project MoVMi integrates survey data, pedestrian simulations using SUMO, and AGV interaction modeling in CARLA to optimize last-mile delivery in urban environments. Our approach addresses challenges such as congestion and access restrictions, and balances routing efficiency with delivery time windows. The framework’s adaptability allows application in various cities globally, enhancing urban freight transportation and sustainability. Future work will refine models with real-time data and extend applicability to diverse urban settings.

Traffic calming is introduced to minimise the negative results of motor vehicle use, for example, low safety level or quality of life, high noise and pollution. It can be implemented through the introduction of road infrastructure reducing the velocity and the traffic volume. In this paper, we studied how traffic-calming influences the traffic assignment. For the research, a traffic-calming measure of speed cushions on the Stachiewicza street in Krakow was taken. A method of extracting trajectories from aerial footage was shown, and it was used to build a model. For a given example, through driving characteristics research and microscopic modelling, volume–delay BPR functions were estimated—for a street with and without traffic calming. Later, a toy network of two roads of the same length, connecting the same origin and destination, was simulated using an equilibrium traffic assignment method. Simulations were conducted both with the use of PTV Vissim and Visum software and through individual calculations. According to the results of this paper, there was a difference in traffic volume according to the equilibrium traffic assignment in the aforementioned toy network as a function of total network traffic volume.